FROM CARD: "CEDAR BARK. BELONGING TO 2 MASKS NO. 169105-6."

FROM CARD: "CEDAR BARK. BELONGING TO 2 MASKS NO. 169105-6."

FROM CARD: "CEDAR BARK."

FROM CARD: "CEDAR BARK. BELONGING TO 2 MASKS NO. 169105-6."

FROM CARD: "OF DANCE OF GHOST. ILLUS. IN USNM REPT, 1895; FIG. 146; P. 497."Listed on page 41 in "The Exhibits of the Smithsonian Institution at the Panama-Pacific International Exposition, San Francisco, California, 1915", in section "Arts of the Northwest Coast Tribes".Per Dr. Aaron Glass, 2020: The ghosts were/are one of the spirit beings that initiate Kwakwaka'wakw T'seka (Winter Ceremonial or Red Cedar Bark Ceremonies) dancers. The Ghost Dance is not so much a dance enacting ghosts, but by people enacting ancestral encounters with ghosts that bestowed hereditary rights to the dances/songs. Some Ghost Dance rings have carved skulls, indicating the encounter with ghosts (dead humans), and in this sense can be hard to distinguish from Hamat'sa (Cannibal Dance) regalia that also sometimes feature carved skulls. Ghost dancers often cover their faces with shrouds of some kind (the Berlin head ring has a curtain of shredded cedar bark that covers the face), and they also cover their face with their hands as the characteristic choreographic gesture. Though the dancers wear rings and not masks, I have seen contemporary Ghost Dance masks that appear like skulls and have hair covering the faces. The dance is still passed down to some families, though it is not terribly common. Some information on the Ghost Dance can be found in Boas's 1897 "Social Organization and Secret Societies" book (pg. 408: an origin story; pg. 482: description of the dance itself and its regalia and song; pg. 497: figures of the 2 rings in question; pg. 499 has a list of Ft. Rupert dances in ranking order, and it is #44 of 53). There is no specific cultural sensitivity around the dance or regalia due to the association with ghosts, at least that I have ever heard of.

FROM CARD: "CEDAR BARK. USED IN THE 1ST AND 3RD DANCE. ILLUS. IN USNM REPT, 1895; FIG. 79; P. 450."

FROM CARD: "(GHOST DANCE). ILLUS. IN USNM REPT, 1895; FIG. 147; P. 497."Per Dr. Aaron Glass, 2020: The ghosts were/are one of the spirit beings that initiate Kwakwaka'wakw T'seka (Winter Ceremonial or Red Cedar Bark Ceremonies) dancers. The Ghost Dance is not so much a dance enacting ghosts, but by people enacting ancestral encounters with ghosts that bestowed hereditary rights to the dances/songs. Some Ghost Dance rings have carved skulls, indicating the encounter with ghosts (dead humans), and in this sense can be hard to distinguish from Hamat'sa (Cannibal Dance) regalia that also sometimes feature carved skulls. Ghost dancers often cover their faces with shrouds of some kind (the Berlin head ring has a curtain of shredded cedar bark that covers the face), and they also cover their face with their hands as the characteristic choreographic gesture. Though the dancers wear rings and not masks, I have seen contemporary Ghost Dance masks that appear like skulls and have hair covering the faces. The dance is still passed down to some families, though it is not terribly common. Some information on the Ghost Dance can be found in Boas's 1897 "Social Organization and Secret Societies" book (pg. 408: an origin story; pg. 482: description of the dance itself and its regalia and song; pg. 497: figures of the 2 rings in question; pg. 499 has a list of Ft. Rupert dances in ranking order, and it is #44 of 53). There is no specific cultural sensitivity around the dance or regalia due to the association with ghosts, at least that I have ever heard of.

FROM CARD: "ALMOST IDENTICAL TO 169,106. THIS ONE USED IN THE SECOND DANCE. REF: USNM. REPT. 1895, PL. 31, OPP. P. 448." Illustration in USNM Annual Report for 1895 may be viewed online: https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8902641 .Raven Hamat'sa Mask.

FROM CARD: "USED IN 1ST AND 3RD DANCE. ILLUS. IN USNM REPT, 1895; FIG. 81; P. 451."

FROM CARD: "RAVEN. ILLUS. IN USNM REPT, 1895; FIG. 82; P. 451. AN ORIGINAL TAG HAS SOME WRITING, HALF OF WHICH IS IN SHORTHAND SO CAN'T BE MADE OUT, BUT ON THE BACK ARE THESE ITEMS: "QOMOQUE (RICH ONE, AN UNDERSEA SPIRIT) QOAGOAXWALANUXIWAT (RAVEN OF THE CANNIBAL)."Transcription (with notes) [and translation] by Rainer Hatoum, of notes in Boas handwriting on old tag: Hamx'siwe. Raven. 3 // With (an) eagleskin (hanging) to (the) waist. (The dancer wears a) Laqaq on (the) arms, also (at the) elbows and at wrist; (he wears an) ordinary(?) neckring Waistband, knee and ankles. By marriage from Bellabella. Ein Häuptling (wurde) auf (einer) xxx (Insel?) verlassen von seinem Sklaven. Er weint(e.) Und ein Mann weckte ihn (4 Mal.) [A chief (was) abandoned on (an) xxx (island?) by his slave. He cried(.) And a man woke him (4 times.)] (Beim) 4ten Mal biss er (, der fremde Mann, ein) Loch in sein Blanket und sah hindurch. Es war die Maus. Er sagt(:) Ich sah dich kommen. (Er) öffnet (einen) …[(At) the 4th time he bit (the strange man, a) hole in his blanket and looked through it. It was the mouse. He says(:) I saw you coming. (He) opens (a) ...//] Felsen und geht hinein. Hinaus(?) ist(/kam der) Rabe (und stand) an der Türe. Das ist diese Maske. Es war Q'o'moque' // Qoa'qoax walanuxsiwae. Auch im Lao'laxa gebraucht.[rock and goes in. Out came raven (and stood) at the door. It is this mask. It was Q'o'moque'.Qoa'qoax walanuxsiwae. Also used in the Lao'laxa.] Eagle waist, no arms. 169,114