FROM CARD: "5813-5. 5813-ILLUS. IN USNM AR, 1890; PL. 57-1; P. 416."Ulu.Source of the information below: Inuvialuit Pitqusiit Inuuniarutait: Inuvialuit Living History, The MacFarlane Collection website, by the Inuvialuit Cultural Resource Centre (ICRC), Inuvik, N.W.T., Canada (website credits here http://www.inuvialuitlivinghistory.ca/posts/12 ), entry on this artifact http://www.inuvialuitlivinghistory.ca/items/191 , retrieved 1-23-2020: Ulu with an iron blade and ivory handle. The handle has a slot cut into the bottom edge into which the blade has been inserted. A series of intersecting holes have been drilled into the handle, and baleen has been laced through these holes to provide a grip. The blade has a curved edge that has been sharpened by filing along both sides. More information here: http://www.inuvialuitlivinghistory.ca/item_types/58: An ulu is a knife with a crescent-shaped blade attached to a handle made of wood, bone or antler. The design of an ulu ensures that the cutting force is centred more over the middle of the blade than with an ordinary knife. Ulus are used for skinning animals, scraping skins, cutting hides when sewing as well as for other household tasks. They are sometimes called 'women's knives' since they usually are associated with women's tasks.

Source of the information below: Inuvialuit Pitqusiit Inuuniarutait: Inuvialuit Living History, The MacFarlane Collection website, by the Inuvialuit Cultural Resource Centre (ICRC), Inuvik, N.W.T., Canada (website credits here http://www.inuvialuitlivinghistory.ca/posts/12 ), entry on this artifact http://www.inuvialuitlivinghistory.ca/items/190 , retrieved 1-28-2020: Graver with an iron blade set into a handle made from antler. The handle consists of two pieces of antler with matching grooves at one end that hold the blade. Parts of the handle pieces have been cut away at each end, leaving a slight step. The two parts of the handle are secured at each end by a wrapping of braided sinew. More information here: http://www.inuvialuitlivinghistory.ca/item_types/27: Gravers with iron tips held in bone and antler shafts were used for engraving designs on ivory, bone antler and wood.

FROM CARD: "INVENTORIED 1977." Note that this bag is not listed in the ledger book entry for 7725 (which lists only a pair of boots, now numbered 7725A), but there is a catalog card for the fire bag 7725B. Presumably, the bag was found later, and a card was made for it, but this was not noted in the ledger. There is also the possibility that the bag was misnumbered / misidentified. It is clearly marked "7725-B" but the ink does not look "old". One possibility is that this bag might actually be # E7728, which has not been located.Source of the information below: Inuvialuit Pitqusiit Inuuniarutait: Inuvialuit Living History, The MacFarlane Collection website, by the Inuvialuit Cultural Resource Centre (ICRC), Inuvik, N.W.T., Canada (website credits here http://www.inuvialuitlivinghistory.ca/posts/12 ), entry on this artifact http://www.inuvialuitlivinghistory.ca/items/188 , retrieved 2-10-2020: Pouch made by sewing together of strips and pieces of hide. A casement around the top [edged with cotton cloth] is stained with red ochre. Passing through the casement is a drawstring made of braided sinew.Some of the hide pieces on the bag show remnants of fur; presumably there was once more fur on at least part of this bag, but past insect activity may have damaged it?

FROM CARD: "ILLUS. HNDBK. N. AMER. IND., VOL. 5 ARCTIC, PG. 352, FIG. 6A."Source of the information below: Inuvialuit Pitqusiit Inuuniarutait: Inuvialuit Living History, The MacFarlane Collection website, by the Inuvialuit Cultural Resource Centre (ICRC), Inuvik, N.W.T., Canada (website credits here http://www.inuvialuitlivinghistory.ca/posts/12 ), entry on this artifact http://www.inuvialuitlivinghistory.ca/items/187 , retrieved 12-17-2019: This is a set of eight fish lures with shanks made from antler and bone and with iron hooks. The shank of each lure is narrow at one end, where a pair of holes has been drilled for attaching to a fishing line, and broader at the opposite end where a hook has been inserted into a drilled hole. Most of these lures have been decorated with lines engraved into the shank. Several have pieces of copper and glass beads and pieces of ivory beads set into the shank, in some cases near the hook ends, in imitation of small fish. One lure has a serrated edge, a feature that helped in attaching a piece of fish skin bait or a weight. More information here: http://www.inuvialuitlivinghistory.ca/item_types/21: Fishing tackle was used for catching fish in rivers and streams during the open water season, and for jigging through holes chiseled through ice in winter and spring. Fishing tackle in the MacFarlane Collection includes fishing rods (iqaluksiun) with lines (ipiutaq) made from baleen, and bone and antler lures (niksik) with iron hooks. Less commonly, fishhooks were made from wood.

Source of the information below: Inuvialuit Pitqusiit Inuuniarutait: Inuvialuit Living History, The MacFarlane Collection website, by the Inuvialuit Cultural Resource Centre (ICRC), Inuvik, N.W.T., Canada (website credits here http://www.inuvialuitlivinghistory.ca/posts/12 ), entry on this artifact http://www.inuvialuitlivinghistory.ca/items/186 , retrieved 1-3-2020: Bow drill set consisting of a bow, mouthpiece, and two spindles. The slightly curved bow has been made from ivory, and has a series of notches along the concave edge to provide a grip. It has been decorated with two shallow notches cut into each of the resulting projections, and by an engraved line cut into each side. A hide thong is attached to the bow by means of holes that have been drilled at either end. The flanged mouthpiece is made from wood, and has an inset iron bearing with a depression for holding against the end of the spindle shafts. The curved surface of the mouthpiece adjacent to the bearing has been decorated with 'X' shaped incisions, and it has been stained with red ochre. Both spindle shafts have bits made from reworked iron files inserted at one end and held in place with sinew lashings. Each of the spindles has been decorated with incised lines. More information here: http://www.inuvialuitlivinghistory.ca/item_types/20: The bow drills in the MacFarlane Collection were used for boring holes into wood, antler, bone and ivory. The drill spindle (shaft) has a bit at one end, and the other end is shaped to fit into a bearing that is held between the teeth. The spindle is rotated by wrapping a slack thong attached at each end of a drill bow around it, and moving the bow back and forth. Ancestral Inuvialuit also used another type of bow drill for starting fires.

FROM CARD: "7470-1. 7471-L. 33", GREATEST BREADTH 9".Source of the information below: Inuvialuit Pitqusiit Inuuniarutait: Inuvialuit Living History, The MacFarlane Collection website, by the Inuvialuit Cultural Resource Centre (ICRC), Inuvik, N.W.T., Canada (website credits here http://www.inuvialuitlivinghistory.ca/posts/12 ), entry on this artifact http://www.inuvialuitlivinghistory.ca/items/185 , retrieved 1-31-2020: These long, teardrop-shaped snowshoes are rounded and upturned at the front ('toe') and pointed at the tail. The frame of each is made from wood, probably willow, joined at the at the tail by a thong and at the toe by a splice that is wrapped with a thong. The sides of the frame are braced apart with three wood cross-bars mortised into the frame. The space for the foot between the foremost bar and the next one back is netted using hide thongs. Fore and aft of those bars is finer and more closely spaced meshing made with thinner thongs, or 'babiche'. Additional thongs attached at the centreline hold sets of three red and blue beads. At several points those thongs and adjacent sections of the netting have been stained with red ochre. More information here: http://www.inuvialuitlivinghistory.ca/item_types/65: MacFarlane collected two pairs of snowshoes. They are strikingly similar to snowshoes used by Gwich'in, and may have been copied or traded by the Inuvialuit.

This object is listed, but not described or analyzed, in Inuvialuit Pitqusiit Inuuniarutait: Inuvialuit Living History, The MacFarlane Collection website, by the Inuvialuit Cultural Resource Centre (ICRC), Inuvik, N.W.T., Canada (website credits here http://www.inuvialuitlivinghistory.ca/posts/12 ), entry on this artifact http://www.inuvialuitlivinghistory.ca/items/184 , retrieved 1-17-2020. General information on pipes is available here: http://www.inuvialuitlivinghistory.ca/item_types/2: Inuvialuit first obtained pipes and tobacco in the 1800s through indigenous trade networks that stretched through Alaska and as far as Siberia. The MacFarlane Collection includes twenty pipes of this northern style. The bowls are made from metal, wood or stone, and with one exception the pipes have curved wooden stems split along their length and held together with a skin or sinew wrapping. Commonly a pick used for tamping tobacco and cleaning the bowl is attached to the pipe

FROM CARD: "#1106-ILLUS. IN SMITHSONIAN REPT, 1893; PL. 57,. FIG. 4; P. 679 (1 ARROW)." FROM CONDITION REPORT FOR NMNH EXHIBIT HALL 9 TAKEDOWN (C. VALENTOUR 3/98): "SHAPED WOODEN BOW W/ KNOBS AT EACH END LASHED W/ TWISTED SINEW BOW STRING. TWISTED & PLAITED SINEW RUNNING ALONG OUTSIDE OF BOW. RAWHIDE STRIP LASHED AT CENTER OF BOW."Though originally catalogued as a bow and arrows, as of 2005 there are 20 arrows, a sinew cable-backed bow, and a quiver/bow case with this catalogue number.Bow: Source of the information below: Inuvialuit Pitqusiit Inuuniarutait: Inuvialuit Living History, The MacFarlane Collection website, by the Inuvialuit Cultural Resource Centre (ICRC), Inuvik, N.W.T., Canada (website credits here http://www.inuvialuitlivinghistory.ca/posts/12 ), entry on this artifact http://www.inuvialuitlivinghistory.ca/items/183 , retrieved 12-10-2019: Sinew-backed recurve bow made from a single piece of wood, probably spruce, part of a set that also includes a quiver and arrows. The bow stave is thickest in cross-section at the middle and at the lateral bends where greatest forces are applied, and flattened at other points along its length. It has knob-like projections at each end for holding the bowstring, which is of braided sinew. The braided sinew backing is attached to the back of the bow by a series of hitches at each of the lateral bends, and with a hide thong at the mid-point where there is a piece of hide between the backing and the stave that would have prevented the backing from slipping. More information here: http://www.inuvialuitlivinghistory.ca/item_types/9: Bows with sinew backing were one of the most sophisticated hunting weapons of the Inuvialuit. The bow stave was often made from a single piece of spruce somewhat more than a metre in length, with a continuous piece of braided sinew laid along the back of the stave in several strands that wrapped around each end. The sinew strands were attached to the stave near each end with a series of hitches, and between these hitches the strands were twisted into two tight cables. The sinew backing added strength and elasticity to the bow. There were two main types of these bows. Simple bows when strung curve in an arc from one end to another. They were often used when hunting small animals and birds. Recurve bows are constructed so that the centre of the strung bow curves towards the archer then bends away at each end. The recurve shape together with the sinew backing made this type of bow a powerful tool for hunting large animals. Bowstrings were made from braided sinew.Arrows: Source of the information below: Inuvialuit Pitqusiit Inuuniarutait: Inuvialuit Living History, The MacFarlane Collection website, by the Inuvialuit Cultural Resource Centre (ICRC), Inuvik, N.W.T., Canada (website credits here http://www.inuvialuitlivinghistory.ca/posts/12 ), entry on this artifact http://www.inuvialuitlivinghistory.ca/items/318 , retrieved 12-10-2019: This is a set of seventeen arrows that was acquired together with a bow. Some of the arrows have arrowheads with tangs that are inserted into the end of the shaft and bound with sinew lashings, and there is also evidence that pitch was used to hold the arrowheads in place. These include arrowheads made of bone with barbs along one edge only, some of which have metal tips attached at their ends, and iron arrowheads with a row of barbs along each edge. Other arrows are tipped with 'bunts', or blunt arrowheads made from antler and iron that were used for stunning birds. The antler bunts have a V-shaped notch at their base into which the corresponding arrow shaft has been inserted. These arrows all have split and trimmed goose and rough legged hawk feathers attached as fletching. More information here: http://www.inuvialuitlivinghistory.ca/item_types/4: Complete arrows as well as separate arrowheads are present in the MacFarlane Collection. The arrow shafts are made from a single piece of spruce, and typically are 60 to 70 cm. long. Most have been stained with red ochre. The shafts are round in cross section, except near the notch for the bowstring where they are slightly flattened to provide a better grip for the fingers. Fleching consists of two split and trimmed feathers attached with sinew lashing. Several types of arrowheads were used, depending on the game that was hunted. Some of the ochre markings on arrow shafts may have been owner's marks, and some arrowheads are likewise marked with notches and incised lines that might have been used to identify their owner. Community Interpretations: Darrel Nasogaluak: Arrowheads were meant to come off the shaft after an animal was struck. My grandfather Edgar Kotokak told me that barbs were cut into only one edge so that the head moved around inside the wound as the animal moved, increasing the chance of killing it.Quiver: This object is listed, but not described or analyzed, in Inuvialuit Pitqusiit Inuuniarutait: Inuvialuit Living History, The MacFarlane Collection website, by the Inuvialuit Cultural Resource Centre (ICRC), Inuvik, N.W.T., Canada (website credits here http://www.inuvialuitlivinghistory.ca/posts/12 ), entry on this artifact http://www.inuvialuitlivinghistory.ca/items/321 , retrieved 1-17-2020.

Source of the information below: Inuvialuit Pitqusiit Inuuniarutait: Inuvialuit Living History, The MacFarlane Collection website, by the Inuvialuit Cultural Resource Centre (ICRC), Inuvik, N.W.T., Canada (website credits here http://www.inuvialuitlivinghistory.ca/posts/12 ), entry on this artifact http://www.inuvialuitlivinghistory.ca/items/182 , retrieved 12-27-2019: A pair of man's boots. The uppers are made of hide from the legs of caribou with light and dark pieces running down the leg to make decorative stripes. A pointed sole has close pleating around the front of the foot and the heel. A pointed vamp made up of strips of dehaired dark and light pieces of seal hide joins the uppers to the soles. More information here: http://www.inuvialuitlivinghistory.ca/item_types/23: Warm, dry footwear is essential for survival in the Arctic. The MacFarlane Collection includes examples of knee-length boots known as kamaks, and ankle high moccasin-type footwear. These garments have been skillfully made, and often were decorated by piecing together contrasting pieces of skin. The soles are crimped along the front edges to make the shape conform to the foot.

Per card, these are black and white wolverine hide.Source of the information below: Inuvialuit Pitqusiit Inuuniarutait: Inuvialuit Living History, The MacFarlane Collection website, by the Inuvialuit Cultural Resource Centre (ICRC), Inuvik, N.W.T., Canada (website credits here http://www.inuvialuitlivinghistory.ca/posts/12 ), entry on this artifact http://www.inuvialuitlivinghistory.ca/items/181 , retrieved 2-7-2020: A pair of mittens; not further described or analyzed on the website. General information on mittens here: http://www.inuvialuitlivinghistory.ca/item_types/41: Mittens with separate thumbs were used for keeping the hands warm in winter. They usually have the hair on the outside at the back of the mitten, which can be held against one's face to keep it warm. The mittens usually are quite short, as the fur trim on the sleeves of parkas protected the exposed wrist.